Nucleus – As stated on the previous page, the nucleus is considered the command centre of the cell. This is where to find what is known as Nuclear DNA. This is DNA you have inherited from your parents. Have a look at the diagram below to familiarise yourself with the functions and structure of the Nucleus.

Mitochondria – The Mitochondria organelle is responsible for energy production.
What is fascinating about the mitochondria organelle is that it contains DNA. This mitochondrial DNA is only passed from mother to offspring unlike nuclear DNA which is inherited from both parents. The mitochondria chromosome also exists in a circular structure, different to the shape find in the nucleus. See below for comparison

Ribosomes – These are the protein builders of the cell. Every cell needs protein, and ribosomes are responsible for synthesizing protein. They are made up of ribosomal proteins and ribosomal RNA, and we’ll learn more about this in our Genetics section.

Chloroplasts – As mentioned, you only find chloroplasts in plant cells and not animal cells. We can compare it, though, to the mitochondria which converts food in to usable energy. Chloroplasts instead convert light energy from the sun, and convert it into usable energy/sugars for the plant. This is done through a process called photosynthesis.

Opposites in nature
The nature of the chloroplasts in relation to the mitochondria brings to mind a concept that we find often in nature. Opposites. Organisms or functions within nature that are almost completely opposite in order to maintain a balance. Animals and plants, one breathes in oxygen and releases carbon dioxide and the other does the opposite. This brings to mind several other of these. Winter and summer, day and night, man and woman, water and fire